triad leader meaning

U.S. Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel announced in March 2013 that the fourth and final phase of EPAA would not be implemented, citing development problems and funding cuts. The agreement establishing the agency was signed in Guadalajara, Mexico, on July 18, 1991. The Office of Public Health Preparedness and Response is focused on minimizing the threat to health from terrorist acts, accidents, and chemical, biological and radiological threats. The signing of an agreement by a senior or designated representative of a country, which indicates that the country accepts the treaty and commits, until the completion of the internal ratification process, not to take any actions that would undermine its purposes, according to the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. Very little open literature about possible weaponization of Yellow fever virus exists. The treaty’s verification measures are based on the earlier verification system created under START I. The declaration states that ASEAN nations "are determined to exert initially necessary efforts to secure the recognition of, and respect for, Southeast Asia as a zone of peace, freedom and neutrality, free from any form or manner of interference by outside Powers. The five permanent members possess veto powers. A group of viruses that cause characteristic hemorrhaging (bleeding) resulting from damage to the vascular system and impairment of bodily regulation. Created in 1955 by the Soviet Union and its six Central European satellites, this military and political security alliance was the counterpart of NATO. A term originating in the Cold War, which described the deterrence relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union beginning in the 1950s. A self-sustaining chain reaction is one where the number of neutrons released from fission in one period of time (or generation) is enough to cause the same number of fissions in the following generation, taking into account that some neutrons will be absorbed by non-fissionable material or escape the region of fissionable material. For additional information, see ABACC. See entry for Robust Nuclear Earth Penetrator. Nuclear weapons are on hair-trigger alert, ready to be fired at a moment’s notice. The three nitrogen mustards (HN-1, HN-2, and HN-3) are closely related in structure both to each other and to the sulfur mustard (HD), which has been more frequently used on the battlefield. The CD has a permanent agenda devoted to the negotiation of disarmament issues. A device that releases nuclear energy in an explosive manner as the result of nuclear chain reactions involving fission, or fission and fusion, of atomic nuclei. %%EOF The Treaty on the African Nuclear-Weapon-Free-Zone, also known as the Treaty of Pelindaba, was opened for signature in Cairo in April 1996. For additional information, see the PNET. High-energy, short wavelength, electromagnetic radiation emitted from the nucleus. Established in 1985 to limit the spread of chemical and biological weapons (CBW) through export controls on chemical precursors, equipment, agents, and organisms. A nerve agent, soman causes uncontrollable nerve excitation and muscle contraction. Air defense weapons include air, land and sea-based radar guided or infrared homing surface-to-air or air-to-air missiles, and automatic gunfire. Nuclear power plant fuel typically uses uranium enriched to 3 to 5 percent U-235, material that is not sufficiently enriched to be used for nuclear weapons. Anthrax-laced letters were also used to attack the U.S. Senate and numerous news agencies in September 2001. For additional information, see the entries for SALT I and SALT II. The Color Test. Fundamentalism is not specific to any single religion, and fundamentalist movements can be found within Islam, Hinduism, Christianity, and Judaism among other religions. The NPT provides for conferences of member states to review treaty implementation at five-year intervals. A pledge by a nuclear weapon state that it will not use nuclear weapons against a non-nuclear weapon state. A series of initiatives announced in 1991 by U.S. President George H. W. Bush and Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev, declaring that their two countries would reduce tactical nuclear weapons arsenals and associated delivery systems. It was replaced by UNMOVIC in 1999. Typical Structure of a Tragedy. SSBN's are generally reserved for strategic vessels, as most submarine launched ballistic missiles carry nuclear payloads. Upon entering the body, adamsite poisoning begins within minutes and lasts up to several hours. 0 Ballistic missiles are primarily intended for use against ground targets. Originally acting as an alternative to the Organization of American States, the Rio Group works to expand and systematize political cooperation among the member states, examine international issues which may be of interest and coordinate common positions on these issues, and explore new fields of cooperation to enhance development. An unstable isotope of an element that decays or disintegrates spontaneously, emitting energy (radiation). States adhering to the ICOC agree not to assist ballistic missile programs in countries suspected of developing biological, chemical, and nuclear weapons, as well as to exhibit "restraint" in the development and testing of their own ballistic missiles. A disease of the digestive tract caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae. Nuclei formed by the fission of heavy elements. Examples include CS. Russian President Vladimir Putin and U.S. President George W. Bush signed the Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty, also called the Treaty of Moscow on 24 May 2002. CTBT entry into force is contingent on ratification by 44 Annex II states. A nuclear warhead on a ballistic missile specially designed to reenter the earth's atmosphere in the terminal portion of the missile's trajectory. A test that is used to gather information about nuclear warhead design and performance. Tularemia infection causes fever and skin lesions, and can eventually develop into pneumonia. Although no longer a serious public health hazard in the developed world, the bacterium can spread from person-to-person in aerosolized form, and has been investigated as a biological weapon by Japan and the Soviet Union. Arms control measures typically include monitoring and verification provisions, and may also include provisions to increase transparency between the parties. See entry for the Global Threat Reduction Initiative. Since 1998, all 33 states in Latin America and the Caribbean have been Members of OPANAL. The member states accept the application of International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards on all their nuclear activities. It has two subsidiary bodies dealing particularly with security and disarmament: the UN General Assembly Committee on Disarmament and International Security (First Committee); and the UN Disarmament Commission. Also see the entry for Strategic Arms Reductions Talks. Under the New START provisions, the two sides have to reduce the number of deployed strategic warheads and the number of deployed strategic delivery vehicles within seven years of the treaty’s entry into force. Specialists who respond to incidents involving hazardous materials. A propulsion system that uses liquid (or compressed) oxygen or hydrogen fuel cells, thereby allowing submarines to stay submerged for longer periods without the need for external sources of oxygen. A mass of fissionable material that is smaller than that required for a self-sustaining chain reaction. Under this Convention, information on the object launched into space, including the date and location of the launch and the function of the object in space is to be communicated to the UN Secretary General as soon as practicable. The Trilateral Statement also specified that Ukraine was to deactivate its SS-24s within the same ten-month period. The Patriot, first deployed in 1984, is the U.S. Army’s air and missile defense system. Play the new NTI game "Hair Trigger" to learn more. The DHS consolidated the activities of all pre-existing non-military government agencies concerned with border control, prevention of terrorism, and emergency response. Materials which are radioactive and for which there is no further use. Lewisite may have been used by Japan during World War II. Like other nerve agents, VM causes uncontrollable nerve excitation and muscle excitation. A term used to describe reactors using ordinary water, where the hydrogen is hydrogen-1, as a coolant and moderator, including boiling water reactors (BWRs) and pressurized water reactors (PWRs), the most common types used in the United States. An approach to religious observance that favors a literalist or extreme interpretation of, and strict adherence to, a religion's core texts. A disease spread through contaminated food, typhoid fever causes diarrhea and rash. The Model Protocol grants IAEA inspectors additional physical access to sites of IAEA member states where nuclear material is or could be present, expands the use of unannounced inspections, and allows for the collection of environmental samples. A Japanese religious cult that attempted six failed biological attacks (five using incorrectly produced botulinum toxin, and one using incorrectly produced anthrax), and 12 chemical attacks (five using sarin, five using VX, one using phosgene, and one using hydrogen cyanide) from 1990 to 1995. Get the latest international news and world events from Asia, Europe, the Middle East, and more. The treaty establishes the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) to ensure the implementation of its provisions and verify compliance through a global monitoring system upon entry into force. Most theater ballistic missiles developed and deployed in countries of proliferation concern, for example Iran and North Korea, are based on the Scud design. A common theme is the attempt to return to the simplicity of belief and interpretation which is believed to reflect the original character of the religion's founder or founders. Prologue: A monologue or dialogue preceding the entry of the chorus, which presents the tragedy's topic. An informal term for a radiological dispersal device (RDD), a device pairing conventional explosives with radiological materials. It specifies that Antarctica be used for peaceful purposes only; all activities of a military nature, including testing of any type of weapon, are prohibited. Uranium-233, Uranium-235, and Plutonium-239 are all fissile isotopes. The United States and Germany stockpiled, but never used, nitrogen mustard during World War II. A treaty between the United States and the former Soviet Union, signed on 8 December 1987, which entered into force on 1 June 1988. A water-borne disease, cholera infections usually occur via contaminated water or foods. Such poisons can also be manufactured by synthetic processes. Uranium-235, Plutonium-239, and Uranium-233 are the most prominently discussed fissile materials for peaceful and nuclear weapons purposes. A U.S. initiative to outlaw nuclear weapons and to internationalize global stocks of fissile material for use in peaceful nuclear programs which became know as the Baruch Plan. The UNDC was established in 1952 as a deliberative body. A munition containing two toxic chemical agents. Any radioactive material encased in a capsule designed to prevent leakage or escape of the material. An accident or act of sabotage involving toxic industrial chemicals, particularly where they are being stored or transported in large quantities, could release toxic chemicals over vast areas and cause many casualties. Natural uranium contains 0.7 percent U-235, whereas nuclear weapons typically require uranium enriched to very high levels (see the definitions for “highly enriched uranium” and “weapons-grade”). A legally non-binding arrangement that was launched with the objective of preventing and curbing the proliferation of ballistic missile systems capable of delivering weapons of mass destruction. All active and passive measures designed to detect, identify, track, and defeat incoming ballistic missiles, in both strategic and theater tactical roles, during any portion of their flight trajectory (boost, post-boost, mid-course, or terminal phase) or to nullify or reduce their effectiveness in destroying their targets. The ground-based missile intercept of the National Missile Defense (NMD) system proposed by the George W. Bush administration, the GBI would intercept incoming ballistic missile warheads outside the earth's atmosphere (exo-atmospheric) and collide with the incoming ballistic missile, thereby destroying the missile. The third and final phase of the flight path of a ballistic missile. For additional information, see the CD. Gamma radiation frequently accompanies alpha and beta emissions and always accompanies fission. A piece of legislation that governs the development, utilization, and disposal of U.S. nuclear materials and facilities, as well as U.S. nuclear cooperation with other countries. They do not mention that Sullivan was arrested in Utah during unrest in 2020. The complex of symptoms resulting from excessive exposure of the human body to acute ionizing radiation. However, the lack of universal membership in the region (neither Iran nor Iraq is a party to the ACRS), and complications in the peace process have hindered progress. Although the plan was not negotiated seriously due to the Cold War security environment, several elements of the Rapacki Plan were later adopted as guidelines for the establishment of denuclearized zones. Victims will drift in and out of delirium, during which they will appear to be in a “waking dream” state characterized by staring, muttering, shouting, and hallucinations. Ship, Submersible, Ballistic, Nuclear: A hull classification for a submarine capable of launching a ballistic missile. The Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty, which was signed by the United States and the Soviet Union on May 26, 1972, and entered into force on October 3, 1972, constrained strategic missile defenses to a total of 200 launchers and interceptors per country, which were divided between two widely separated deployment areas. Pending the treaty’s entry into force, the Preparatory Commission of the CTBTO is charged with establishing the International Monitoring System (IMS) and promoting treaty ratifications. The GBI would consist of a multi-stage solid propellant booster and an exo-atmospheric kill vehicle. For additional information, see the NSG. These agents can be deployed as biological weapons when paired with a delivery system, such as a missile or aerosol device. It was revised in June 1963 to cover reactors of any size. Writing and literature form an integral part in societies all across the world. In most cases, these are the local authorities in the affected area. For additional information, see the SEANWFZ. The auxiliary part of a propulsion system of a missile that supplies the thrust during the launch and initial phase of a flight. The “three pillars” of the NPT are nuclear disarmament, nonproliferation, and peaceful uses of nuclear energy. The Central Asia Nuclear-Weapons-Free-Zone (CANWFZ) includes all five Central Asian states: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. Departments of Energy, Commerce, and State. Throw-weight refers to the weight of the payload that a missile is capable of delivering, and is a measure of the destructive potential of a ballistic missile. In order to implement the declaration, the two Koreas established the South-North Joint Nuclear Control Commission (JNCC). Gamma rays are very penetrating and are best stopped or shielded by dense materials, such as lead or depleted uranium. The program has focused primarily on: (1) destroying vehicles for delivering nuclear weapons (e.g., missiles and aircraft), their launchers (such as silos and submarines), and their related facilities; (2) securing former Soviet nuclear weapons and their components; and (3) destroying Russian chemical weapons. Short-range nuclear weapons, such as artillery shells, bombs, and short-range missiles, deployed for use in battlefield operations. Tularemia can survive in harsh conditions, and just one organism can cause human infection. See entry for Information Circular 540. A geographical area in which nuclear weapons may not legally be built, possessed, transferred, deployed, or tested. Also archaically referred to as a hydrogen bomb. This organization was the successor to the Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls (COCOM). Although they wear masks, their dancing is … A technique for estimating the age of an object by measuring the amounts of various radioisotopes in it. The varieties are many, but all incorporate certain features, including: fissionable or fissile fuel; a moderating material (unless the reactor is operated on fast neutrons); a reflector to conserve escaping neutrons; provisions of removal of heat; measuring and controlling instruments; and protective devices. The provisions in the protocol are also known as the "Program 93+2". In the United States, treaty ratification requires approval by the president after he or she has received the advice and consent of two-thirds of the Senate. Lewisite (L) has no known medical or other non-military uses. For additional information, see the entries for START I, START II, and New START. The purpose of the committee is to maintain a "trigger list" of: (1) source or special fissionable materials, and (2) equipment or materials especially designed or prepared for the processing, use, or production of special fissionable materials. Al-Qa'ida means “the base” in Arabic, and acts as an umbrella organization for a number of terrorist groups around the world. The Mendoza Agreement, signed in 1991 by Argentina, Brazil, and Chile, never entered into force. Ultimately, soman victims suffer death by suffocation. B. anthracis bacteria can form hardy spores, making them relatively easy to disseminate. To date, the United States has completed four Nuclear Posture Reviews (in 1994, 2001, 2010, and 2018). The treaty stated that both the United States and Russia would reduce the numbers of their deployed nuclear warheads to between 1700 and 2200 within the next ten years. The Rio Group is an international organization consisting of 23 Latin American and Caribbean countries created in 1986 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A system of missile interceptors designed to intercept ballistic missiles launched from a certain region or area. The CPPNM opened for signature on 3 March 1980 and entered into force on 8 February 1987. The Treaty stipulates that non-nuclear-weapon states will not seek to acquire nuclear weapons, and will accept International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards on their nuclear activities, while nuclear weapon states commit not to transfer nuclear weapons to other states. To be effective, a deterrence strategy should demonstrate to an adversary that the costs of an attack would outweigh any potential gains. The spontaneous emission of radiation, generally alpha or beta particles, often accompanied by gamma rays, from the nucleus of an unstable isotope. It contains the fuel, control rods, moderator, coolant, and support structures. The United States and Russia concluded the Highly Enriched Uranium (HEU) Purchase Agreement in 1993. Diesel-electric transmissions require access to oxygen for the diesel generator to charge the submarine’s batteries or drive the motor. Founded by Australia, Canada, Chile, Germany, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, Poland, Turkey, and the United Arab Emirates in September 2010, the Nonproliferation and Disarmament Initiative (NPDI) is a ministerial-level group of states within the framework of the Nonproliferation Treaty focused on practical steps that will forward the consensus outcomes of the 2010 NPT Review Conference. Victims develop painful blisters on their skin, as well as lung and eye irritation leading to potential pulmonary edema and blindness. Funded by the Swedish government, the Commission's June 2006 report attributed the stagnation in global arms control and disarmament forums to a lack of commitment to disarmament by the nuclear weapon states. An offensive ballistic missile system with multiple warheads, each of which can strike a separate target and can be launched by a single booster rocket. However, the term can also refer to, for example, a bilateral agreement between a supplier state and an importer state on the use of a certain nuclear technology.

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