laguncularia racemosa roots

Family. In Ecuador, west of the Daule River, there is also a region of wetlands. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Mangrove areas are sometimes associated with river deltas and coastal swamps that have habitats in which the soils are inundated for at least part of the year. However, the major limitation of SSCP is that, in addition to DNA sequences, many other factors also contribute to the secondary confirmation of DNA complicating the analysis of the obtained results (Svozil, Kalina, Omelka, & Schneider, 2008). L. racemosa showed variations in their root anatomy in different collection areas, with highest values of cortex/vascular cylinder ratio, periderm thickness and air gap area in Vitória Bay, the most polluted sampling area. 10.1). Conversely, Bach (1990), Coley (1980, 1982, 1983), Coley and Aide (1991), and Lowman and Box (1983) reported that intensities of herbivory by insects were higher in earlier successional stages than in later successional stages. The carbon and nitrogen stable isotopic and elemental compositions of L. racemosa were analyzed and compared from Florida and Belize. In the absence of fire during drought periods, herbivory by several defoliators and bark beetles is concentrated on the understory firs, truncating (or reversing) succession. The generated fragments are analysed by agarose or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to generate restriction profiles which can be used to identify the unique clones to estimate the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in the atypical environmental samples (De Baere et al., 2002). Rico-Gray (1981) also reports the presence of Rhizophora harrisonii Bleech from the Pacific coast in the Chantuto–Teculapa–Panzacola estuarine system, state of Chiapas (15° to 15°10′N, 92°30’ to 93°W) (Fig. In this technique, the whole DNA is isolated from the atypical environmental samples and PCR product is generated by amplifying the 16S rRNA region in the environmental DNA. In the Nypa palm natural habitat of South and Southeast Asia and Oceania countries (like in Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, etc. extracts inhibit α-glucosidase activity due to the presence of palmitic acid (Cherigo and Martínez-Luis, 2018). The rate of change of Cameroon’s valuable ecosystem was cleared at a rate of 1.77% per year (Ajonina et al., 2014a,b) with species from the genus Rhizophora mostly being exploited (Din et al., 2008). However, limited moisture and short fire return intervals at lower elevations favor pine dominance. (Long and Lakela, 1971; Odum et al., 1982; Myers and Ewel, 1990). Arid climate (vertically hatched), semi-arid climate (not hatched), subhumid climate (diagonally hatched) and humid climate (horizontally hatched). As a consequence, the data recovered from this study are context specific since mangrove environments are so diverse (Rey and Cornelly, 2015; Hossain, 2018). The pneumathodes … Altered carbon storage in roots (Filip et al. Mangrove species found on the coast of Mexico are the red mangrove Rhizophora mangle L., the white mangrove Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaerth, the black mangrove Avicennia germinans (L.) L., and the button mangrove … Plant extracts have more advantages, compared with synthetic drugs or English (Western) medicine, for the treatment of various disorders, and these plant extracts are presumed to be safe and do not show any side effects. Areas with a long inundation period maintain communities dominated by the genera Euterpe and Mauritia. Genus. R. annamalayana leaf extracts, containing benzoxepins, showed inhibitory properties toward 5-lipooxygenase and cyclooxygenase (Chakraborty and Raola, 2018b). The data obtained are contradictory to those of Akpan et al. Mangrove species found on the coast of Mexico are the red mangrove Rhizophora mangle L., the white mangrove Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaerth, the black mangrove Avicennia germinans (L.) L., and the button mangrove Conocarpus erecta L. (Pennington and Sarukhan, 1969). Apart from these, other plants such as Rhizophora mucronata and Avicenna marina also have antidiabetic properties (Aljaghthmi et al., 2017). very few measurements have been conducted on the white mangrove, Laguncularia racemosa. Despite the … 12.11. Since ancient days, plant extracts have been used to treat various disorders due to the presence of secondary metabolites. Among the four limonoids isolated, krishnolide A has exhibited antiviral property against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (Zhang et al., 2017). The different types of vegetation are closely associated with the duration of the period of inundation. To the first type belong the freshwater swamp forests of the Atlantic coast between the Orinoco delta and the mouth of the Parnaiba River. (1982, 1987, 1988a) and Conner et al. All such association patterns and microzonation arrangements stemmed most probably from the multifaceted temperature, topography, physicochemical and biological interactions occurring in or along the Cameroon coast. Laguncularia racemosa (Combretaceae), popularly known as white mangrove, is a species that greatly contributes to the community structure of neotropical and West African mangrove forests. Oleanane triterpenoids and prenylated terpenoids isolated from R. mucronata extracts have antiinflammatory activity (Chakraborty and Raola, 2017; Raola and Chakraborty, 2017a). Schowalter et al. Occupying higher land than the red and black mangroves, the white mangrove (Laguncularia racemosa) has no visible aerial roots, unlike the black mangrove which has pneumatophores and the red mangrove with prop roots. Rhizaeris alba Raf. (1997, 1998) reported that microbial biomass, nematode abundance, and soil respiration rates were consistently reduced by removal of sheep grazing (Fig. In this technique, the hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene is targeted to generate the unique profile to distinguish among the microbial communities (Joo, Han, Lee, & Park, 2014). In this study, the combined 1D TRFLP-SSCP technique was able to distinguish between soil Archaea of broad taxonomic clades with > 10% genetic distances such as Euryarchaeota and the Thaumarchaea. Additionally, TGGE also employs the same principle, where a gradient of temperature replaces the chemical denaturants in the polyacrylamide gel (Viglasky, 2013). Methanolic extracts of A. marina have exhibited anticancer activity (Shanthi et al., 2018). Seasonal variation in microbial biomass and nematode abundance in grazed and ungrazed plots of two grassland types in Ireland. The intensity of herbivory determines its effects on plant communities. Table 10.1. Application of LH-PCR for microbial community analysis of the North Arm of Great Salt Lake generates only a single OUT belonging to bacteria whereas a huge diversity of archaea were observed (Almeida-Dalmet, Sikaroodi, Gillevet, Litchfield, & Baxter, 2015) suggesting its utility in atypical environmental conditions. The Pantanal occupies the upper watershed of the Paraguay basin and is one of the world's largest wetlands, which is flooded in more than 80% of its area during the rainy season (from May to December). Regression lines are shown where significant at P < 0.05. (invasive plant); Laguncularia racemosa, Avicennia germinans and Rhizophora spp.,” stands were like those in Youme, where the spread of Nypa was considerably persistent across all the census. SSCP explores the differences in DNA sequences based on electrophoretic separation of DNA molecules, initially used for the detection of known/novel polymorphisms and point mutations (Peters, Koschinsky, Schwieger, & Tebbe, 2000). Seastedt et al. Mangrove plants such as L. racemosa, Ceriops decandra, Rhizophora apiculata, R. mucronata, and Bruguiera cylindrica possess antiplasmodial activity. The value of this method is linked to quicker establishment and reproduction of the cuttings as well as the possibility to plant them in flooded areas, where establishment of propagules and survival of seedlings of L. racemosa is very difficult to achieve. In another study, pneumatophore methanolic extracts of A. marina exhibited antiglycation activity (Mahera et al., 2011, 2013). River flows decrease, becoming more seasonal, irregularly intermittent, or even ephemeral. Roots grow away from gravity, known as negatively gravitropic growth; Found in black mangrove (Avicennia nitida), white mangrove (Laguncularia racemosa), and water weed (Ludwigia repens) There … ARDRA technique exploits the sequence variation present on the 16S rRNA gene to generate a fingerprint. Typical mangrove species were captured in the plots showing a high dominance of more than 10% of Rhizophora spp. Changes in plant condition, community composition, and structure affect habitat and food for other animals and microorganisms. Stem and twig extracts of Ceriops tagal has antifeedant activity (Du et al., 2011). Several bioinformatics tools have been developed to analyse the TRFLP results for rapid assignment of putative taxonomic units from the pooled results such as T-REX (Culman, Bukowski, Gauch, Quiroz, & Buckley, 2009), Excel-based softwares (Fredriksson, Hermansson, & Wilén, 2014), TRFMA (Nakano, Takeshita, & Yamashita, 2006) and DRAT (Roberts, Schofield, Donn, & Daniell, 2012). (2003) experimentally evaluated effects of herbivore-derived litter components on litter invertebrates. Presently, many computer-assisted programs are available to analyse the fingerprints generated from different atypical samples (i.e., GelCompar and GelClust) and to determine the community relationship (Heras et al., 2016). (1990a). Combretaceae, white mangrove family. Day et al. (1981a) suggested that differential mortality among pine species (as a result of southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis) in the southern United States largely explained the historic patterns of species distributions over topographic gradients. Figure 17.1. From Bardgett et al. Brown and Gange (1989) found that reduced below-ground herbivory resulted in higher plant species richness, largely reflecting differential intensities of herbivory among various grass and forb species. Overgrazing by domestic livestock has initiated desertification of arid grasslands (by reducing vegetation cover, causing soil desiccation) in many parts of the globe (e.g., Schlesinger et al. Bark extracts of the E. agallocha plant exhibits antiulcer activity (Thirunavukkarasu et al., 2009). Vegetation gaps emanating from disturbance may become new sites of invasion (Gorgone-Barbosa et al., 2016). With the exception of HE areas, true mangrove mortality was generally above recruitment in all the sites studied. Avicennia officinalis L. extracts strongly inhibit the growth of bacterial strains such as P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis, and E. coli (Das et al., 2018). Most of the more than 123 coastal lagoons (84 on the west coast) (Lankford, 1977) are bordered by mangroves. (2013) revealed that Nypa was found in the periurban Douala area under the canopy of less degraded mangrove forests, places where it had not been possible to accurately delineate its distribution on the airborne imagery (Ukpong, 2007). The A. alba plant showed antioxidant activity with heightened potency found in the leaf (Iranawati et al., 2018). Flavone isolated from the roots of the E. agallocha plant has showed anticancer properties against HeLa cells (Rajeswari et al., 2017). 17.1A, site 18). Fig. Local topography, runoff channels, and sediment stability determine distinct zonal patterns. These activities are regulated by the nitric oxide (NO) in A. corniculatum, used to withstand the salt stress, showing that NO acts as an antioxidant under salt stress conditions in mangrove plants (Chen et al., 2014). The most commonly used DNA fingerprinting techniques used for partial microbial community analysis are discussed below. Arthropod tissues also represent concentrations of nutrients for decomposers (Schowalter and Crossley 1983, Seastedt and Tate 1981). The infestation has not yet … This is followed by the restriction digestion of the PCR amplicon by tetra cutter restriction endonuclease enzymes mostly AluI and HaeIII (Dec, Puchalski, Chmiel, & Wernicki, 2016). Under conditions of adequate moisture (riparian corridors and high elevations), mountain pine beetle advances succession by facilitating the replacement of host pines by the more shade-tolerant, fire-intolerant, understory firs. However, Jami, Shterzer, and Mizrahi (2014) suggested the utility of automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA) at par with advanced pyrosequencing data for discrimination between microbial diversity from different geographical niches. RISA targets the intergenic spacer region present within the small and large ribosomal subunit coding genes, and this intergenic spacer region has been reported to contain nucleotide sequence and length heterogeneity among microbial species (Ciesielski et al., 2013). Guanghui Lin, Leonel da S. L. Sternberg, in Stable Isotopes and Plant Carbon-water Relations, 1993. Red mangroves are often found near white mangroves (Laguncularia racemosa), black mangroves (Avicennia germinans), and buttonwood (Conocarpus erectus). 1990). Tuan Noraida Tuan Hamzah, ... Khalid Rehman Hakeem, in Biodiversity and Biomedicine, 2020. de Souza et al. Their productivity is higher than that of tropical rain forests and similar to that of sugarcane fields, which are considered one of the most productive crops (Whittaker and Likens, 1975; Myers, 1984). 12.8. Blechum pyramidatum (Lam.) In this technique, the whole DNA is extracted from the atypical environmental samples followed by amplification of 16S/18S rRNA gene by PCR and separation of the amplified sequences on a linear gradient of DNA denaturants or temperature (Strathdee & Free, 2013). Mangrove is the dominant vegetation along most of the lagoon's shore. From Bardgett et al. These ecosystems are characterized by sand dunes where low scrubby vegetation grows sparsely. The invasive trees and seedlings went unnoticed for decades, in part because Lumnitzera looks very similar to the native white mangrove, Laguncularia racemosa. Polyisoprenoids isolated from mangrove plant leaves have antimicrobial properties against E. coli, Candida albicans, and S. aureus (Sumardi et al., 2018). Laguncularia racemosa has been described as … It allows simultaneous analysis of multiple samples and distinguishes differences among microbial communities without having any direct taxonomic identities. Present address: Wiesenstr. Fig. Laguncularia stems from the Latin word laguncul, which means "a little flask," and refers to the shape of the white mangrove's fruit.. Most of the results are in line with those of some authors (Ajonina, 2008; Ajonina et al., 2014a,b; Eugene et al., 2014) but showed more plant association presence. (1988) have reported on the structure and productivity of these forests. Because of the effect of ocean currents (see Climate), the southern limits of mangroves in South America occur at about 25° S in the Atlantic coast of Brazil and 4° S in the Pacific coasts of Ecuador and Peru. She suggested that herbivory is concentrated on the relatively less defended, but grazing tolerant, mid-successional grasses, forbs, and pioneer trees (see Bach 1990). The vegetation of mangrove ecosystems (mangal) is adapted to salinity and is dominated by Rhizophora mangle, Avicenia sp. High intensities during outbreaks or as a result of management can dramatically reduce the abundance of preferred species and rapidly alter vegetation structure and composition. (2013) has isolated 343 endophytic fungi from three mangroves in Brazil, namely, Rhizophora mangle, Avicennia schaueriana, and Laguncularia racemosa. 12.9). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3770(98)00122-3. In well-drained floodplains, the dominant genera are Panicum, Paspalum, and Thalia. Vera-Herrera, in Coastal Plant Communities of Latin America, 1992. ), R. racemosa, R. mangle, and L. and R. harrisonii Leechm stands were absent (Reimold and Queen, 1974; Spalding et al., 2010). Carbon allocation as a function of intensity of herbivory (measured as shoot biomass remaining) in A: shoots, B: roots, C: soluble root exudates, D: respiration from roots and soil, E: rhizosphere soil, and F: bulk soil. Louda et al. Grasses responded rapidly to declining ragwort abundance, followed by forbs, resulting in relatively constant vegetation standing crop over the 8 years of measurement. The arcuate stilt roots have countless lenticels which serve the gas exchange. Herbivory has a variety of positive and negative effects on plant growth and fitness, even for a particular plant species (D. Inouye 1982; see earlier in this chapter). By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Seed - typically root … (1997) with permission from Elsevier Science. Furthermore, association or coexistence with Avicennia sp., Rhizophora spp., and companion species are equally similar to those described by Letouzey (1968); see Boughey (1957), Ajonina (2008), Atheull et al. Luis Anibal Solorzano Cardenas, in Encyclopedia of Biodiversity (Second Edition), 2013. 1995, Holland et al. Most of the other mangrove swamp forests belong to the second type. Guaianolide-type sesquiterpene lactones isolated from the chloroform leaf extracts of Rhizophora annamalayana inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) (Raola and Chakraborty, 2017b). Other factors that have favorable effects on the survival of the cuttings are a large shoot diameter, manual defoliation to reduce transpiration, and direct sun irradiation. (1998) with permission from Elsevier Science. For example, in Bangladesh, the seven common species were found along all established transects (10 m×5 km): Avicennia officinalis, Ceriops decandra (Griff. According to the quality of the water, it is possible to distinguish freshwater swamps and brackish water swamps. In mature Rhizophora, the trunk of the tree is completely suspended above the water by the arcing stilt roots. Grazing on above-ground plant parts can affect litter and rhizosphere processes in a variety of ways (Bardgett et al. Davidson (1993) compiled data indicating that herbivores may retard or reverse succession during early seres but advance succession during later seres. Similarly, Vibrio vulnificus isolated from different geographic regions generated different RAPD profiles suggesting its utility to a greater efficacy in atypical environments (Arias, Pujalte, Garay, & Aznar, 1998). The surviving shoots grow rapidly and fruit set can be observed within six months after planting in the field. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Bardgett et al. Ragwort standing crop declined from >700gm−2 (representing 90% of total standing crop of vegetation) to 0.25 g m2 over a 2-year period following release of the ragwort flea beetle, Longitarsus jacobaeae. DGGE analysis also revealed the occurrence of Archaea in mangrove trees such as Rhizophora mangle and Laguncularia racemosa in complex atypical environmental conditions (Pires et al., 2012). Open circles represent ungrazed plants, and solid circles represent grazed plants. A: Gradients in observed frequencies of two goldenbushes, Happlopappus venetus (yellow) and H. squarrosus (orange), from maritime to interior montane sites in San Diego County, California. Vertical lines represent standard errors; *, P < 0.05, **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001. However, when it is found in oxygen-depleted sediments or flooded for extended periods of time, it often develops peg roots. (1996) with permission from Springer-Verlag. Higher values occur during the rainy season (September) and lowest during nortes (February), with slightly higher values for Boca Chica. Environmental conditions may affect this trend. Differential herbivory among plants and plant species in an ecosystem affects both the distribution of individuals of a particular plant species and the opportunities for growth of plant species resistant to or tolerant of herbivory. Inasmuch as mangroves are used in curing various ailments or diseases, some of their important biological activities are discussed next. A. alba leaf extract has anticancer properties against human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7) and HeLa cell lines (Eswaraiah et al., 2018). over A. germinans as the principal genus in the plots (Fig. PCR amplification of RIS regions and subsequent analysis on gel using primers binding to the conserved regions of 16S and 23S rRNA genes, RISA profiles of most of the microbial communities present in the targeted atypical environment can be generated to a substantial level. In order to test for possible isotopic fractionations associated with the water distillation process of stem samples, we collected stem water by squeezing a small section of stem from 15 plants grown in various salinities and using the remainder of the stem for water distillation. Figure 10.2. In addition, Nypa palm might be among the most conspicuous understory vegetation (i.e., nonmangrove tree) following the report of Snedaker and Lahmann (1988). In the fourth stage, you already have mangroves with an advanced root … Snedaker and Lahmann (1988) stated that “if the existing mangroves do not or cannot regenerate in this forest type, one would hardly expect to find any other sub-canopy species.” Such mounting pressure—from sediment accretion, canopy gaps, fragmented forest, or tidal flats/mudflats exposed naturally or accidentally following random cutting or clear-felling—reduces mangrove resilience against plant invasion. The common application of this technique in atypical environment is to study the cultivable bacterial diversity in sediments of the Great Rann of Kachchh, India (Subrahmanyam, Khonde, Maurya, Chamyal, and Archana (2014)). Please see extended permission list pg 572. The fundamentals behind genetic fingerprinting involve the detection of either length or sequence polymorphism among the microbial communities present within the target genetic fragment (Danovaro, Luna, Dell'Anno, & Pietrangeli, 2006). The Pacific coast has a high-relief physiography, cliffed or narrow shorelines, and steeply inclined coastal plains (reduced intertidal area) bordered by mountain ranges with elevations of up to 3300 m. The climate of the west coast is drier and colder than that of the Gulf of Mexico. Laguncularia racemosa is a halophyte that tolerates salinities up to 90 ppt. Apart from these biological activities, mangrove plants also possess other biological activities. Caterpillars concentrate essential nutrients several orders of magnitude over concentrations in foliage tissues (e.g., Schowalter and Crossley 1983). Their studies dealt with comparisons between riverine mangroves (Boca Chica) versus fringing mangroves (Estero Pargo; Fig. These three parameters were also important to differentiate the mangrove areas … The species name, racemosa, comes from the Latin root … The methanol extract of C. manghas has antiinflammatory activity due to the kaempferol in extracts, which is a flavonol; this compound shows antiinflammatory activity by inhibiting the NF-kB and SyK/Src pathways (Jeong et al., 2014). These species were divided into four groups according to their salt tolerance, which were salt-secreting halophytes (Avicennia germinans (L.) L.), salt-excluding halophytes (Conocarpus erecta L., Laguncularia racemosa Gaert., Rhizophora mangle L.), slightly salt-tolerant glycophytes (Acrostichum aureum L., Annona glabra L., Ilex cassine L., Myrica cerifera L., Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi. Four limonoids of the khayanolide type with a 2-carbonyl, named krishnolides A–D, have been isolated from the seeds of X. moluccensis, a native to Indian mangrove. 12.8). B and C: Observed frequency accounting for herbivore effects (solid lines) compared to potential distribution in the absence of herbivory (dashed line) based on several measures of performance of control plants when insects were excluded. Herbivory can prevent successful establishment or continued growth, especially during the vulnerable seedling stage (D. Clark and Clark 1985, P. Hulme 1994, Wisdom et al. From Louda et al. Laguncularia racemosa may flower and produce fruit when less than 2 years old and 1.5 m in height (Holdridge 1940a, Little and Wadsworth 1964). Stadler and Müller (1996) and Stadler et al. Introduction Pneumatophores are modified aerial roots which arise vertically from cable roots and have evolved indepen- Laguncularia racemosa forms five types of roots: an- dently in at least five mangrove … Rojas-Galaviz, ... F.R. Among all these plants, R. mucronata has the greatest activity (Ravikumar et al., 2011). Mangroves develop well in areas where the ocean temperature remains above 24–27 °C. Schmalenberger and Tebbe (1998) analysed the differentiation between cultivated pure culture soil microorganisms and noncultivated rhizosphere microbial communities by employing the SSCP technique. L. racemosa, because adventitious roots arise on the lower part of the stems (JenõÂk, 1970), shoots start rooting above ground when flooded and partly inundated branches can develop an extensive root … The geomorphology is essentially flat and small high-ground islands separate hundreds of small lagoons. RAPD employs the PCR amplification of a DNA fragment with short primers (usually of 10 bp) followed by random annealing under low temperature conditions. Cerrado tree species and palms occupy the high-ground islands of the Pantanal. Diaporthe and Phomopsis are dominant fungal genera in the majority of host species that have been investigated (Suryanarayanan, Murali, & Venkatesan, 2002). The crude plant extract of A. alba has cytotoxic activities against breast cancer, probably due to alkaloids, phenolics, and terpenoid compounds that might play a role in killing cancer cells via apoptosis (Rahman et al., 2017). Fig. Crabapple is a fruit of the S. caseolaris mangrove plant, the juice prepared from this fruit inhibits E. coli, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella typhimurium, and B. subtilis bacterial strains (Van Thuoc et al., 2018). White mangroves, Laguncularia racemosa, are the most upland of the three mangrove species found in Florida and the United States. In the case of UND plots, the canopy is usually closed, but if Nypa is present and established, hypothetically, it might be due to mudflats accretion (sediment above mean low water tides), sometimes trapped and stabilized by the native species’ rooting system or some other natural phenomenon. (1988), and Gibson et al. Aquarium Care Information: Scientific Name: Laguncularia Racemosa. (1991) documented changes in plant community structure resulting from herbivore-induced mortality to the exotic ragwort, Senecio jacobeae, in western Oregon. For example, in pure or mixed stands of Avicennia sp., Rhizophora spp., the invasion was low or free. Nypa palms are sensitive to hydrological conditions and do occur in areas with only moderate salt load and where the mean daily inundation period (moderate to less, i.e., from seawater habitats to inland sites) does not exceed 3 hours (Blasco et al., 1996; Theerawitaya et al., 2014). Seasonal productivity values are depicted in Figure 10.2. (1988) reported that simulation of herbivore effects on throughfall (precipitation enriched with nutrients while passing over foliage) affected litter arthropod communities. Schowalter and Sabin (1991) found that three taxa of litter arthropods were significantly more abundant under experimentally defoliated (<20% foliage eaten) Douglas-fir saplings, compared to nondefoliated saplings. In certain instances, DNA molecules are present in the form of a secondary folded structure (known as a heteroduplex) which is dependent on the DNA sequences and governs the mobility of DNA on the gel. Gehring and Whitham (1991, 1995) documented significantly reduced mycorrhizal activity on roots of piñon pines subject to defoliation by insects compared to nondefoliated pines. Hirak Ranjan Dash, Surajit Das, in Methods in Microbiology, 2018. Selective herbivory among plant species suppresses those on which herbivory is focused and provides space and other resources to others, resulting in altered plant community composition (e.g., Davidson 1993, McEvoy et al. 1996) affects resources available for below-ground food webs (Fig. In this study, a total of 42 cultivable bacterial isolates were disseminated into around 14 clades at a similarity coefficient of 1.0, thus representing 14 taxonomic clusters.

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